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The nth Bohr orbit of a hydrogen-like atom (Z, 1 by default): the radius `r` (m) and `angstrom`, the speed `v` (m/s), the energy `E` (eV, negative), `KE` and `PE` (eV), the period `T` (s), the orbital frequency `f` (Hz), the angular momentum `L` (n h/2π) and the de Broglie wavelength `lambda` (m) that fits round it n times.
n (number) -- the level, a whole number from 1Z (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)The energy of level n of a hydrogen-like atom, eV: −13.6 Z²/n².
n (number) -- the levelZ (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)The energy to free the electron from level n (1 by default) of a hydrogen-like atom, eV: 13.6 Z²/n².
Z (number) -- the atomic numbern (number) -- the level (optional, 1)The energy to lift the electron from n_lo to n_hi, eV.
n_lo (number) -- the lower leveln_hi (number) -- the upper levelZ (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)The number of lines an atom excited to level n can emit on its way down: n(n − 1)/2.
n (number) -- the levelThe line of the transition between n_hi and n_lo (Rydberg, R = 1.097e7 /m): `lambda` (m) and `nm`, the frequency `f`, the photon's energy `eV`, the `series` (Lyman, Balmer, ...) and the `region` (ultraviolet, visible, infrared).
n_hi (number) -- the upper leveln_lo (number) -- the lower levelZ (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)A series by name ("lyman", "balmer", "paschen", "brackett", "pfund", "humphreys"): its `name`, lower level `n_lo`, the first `lines` (a list of wavelengths in nm, 5 by default), the `longest`, the `shortest` and the `limit` (nm, n → ∞) and the first line's `region`.
name (text) -- the seriesZ (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)count (number) -- how many lines (optional, 5)The continuous X-ray spectrum's cut-off for a tube voltage (V): `lambdaMin` (m) and `nm` = hc/eV, `fMax` (Hz), `eV`.
V (number) -- the tube voltage in voltsA characteristic X-ray line of an element by Moseley's law, hν = 13.6 (Z − b)² (1/n_lo² − 1/n_hi²) eV with b = 1 for the K lines and 7.4 for Lα: `eV`, `lambda` (m) and `nm`, `f` (Hz) and `rootF` (√Hz).
line (text) -- "Kalpha", "Kbeta" or "Lalpha"Z (number) -- the atomic numberThe K-shell binding energy of an element, eV: 13.6 (Z − 1)², the least tube voltage that excites its K lines.
Z (number) -- the atomic numberMoseley's `a` (√Hz) and screening `b` from the same line's frequency (Hz) in two elements: √ν = a (Z − b).
Z1 (number) -- the first elementf1 (number) -- its line's frequency in hertzZ2 (number) -- the second elementf2 (number) -- its line's frequencyThe energy-level ladder of a hydrogen-like atom on a diagram (NCERT XII Fig. 12.8), to scale: the levels n = 1 to n_max with E_n in eV, n = ∞ dashed at 0. Then any number of words: a series name ("lyman", "balmer", "paschen", "brackett", "pfund") draws its arrows down to its lower level up to n_max, "all" the first three, and a transition "4-2" one arrow labelled with λ and ΔE; the arrows are inked by region (the visible lines in their own colour). energyLevelsOn(d, n_max[, Z][, words...]).
d (number) -- the diagramn_max (number) -- the highest level drawn, 2 to 12Z (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)words (text) -- series names and transitions (optional)The line spectrum of a series on a diagram: a wavelength strip with the series' lines from the Rydberg formula, labelled with their nm and n while they are apart, the limit marked. "emission" (the default) is bright lines on a dark field, the visible ones in their own colour; "absorption" is the continuous spectrum with the lines taken out. The window is the series' own unless lo_nm and hi_nm are given. spectrumOn(d, series[, "emission"|"absorption"][, Z][, lo_nm, hi_nm]).
d (number) -- the diagramseries (text) -- "lyman", "balmer", "paschen", ...kind (text) -- "emission" or "absorption" (optional)Z (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)window (number) -- lo_nm, hi_nm (optional, the series' own)The Bohr orbits to scale on a diagram (NCERT XII Fig. 12.6): circles r_n = n² a_0/Z for n = 1 to n_max (at most 6), each labelled with its radius in Å and energy, the nucleus +Ze; with a transition "3-2" the electron's jump and the photon leaving with its λ and energy. bohrOrbitsOn(d, n_max[, Z][, "3-2"]).
d (number) -- the diagramn_max (number) -- the outermost orbit, 1 to 6Z (number) -- the atomic number (optional, 1)transition (text) -- "n_hi-n_lo" (optional)De Broglie's standing wave round the nth orbit (NCERT XII Fig. 12.9): the orbit dashed with n whole wavelengths drawn round it, one λ marked; 2πr_n = nλ gives Bohr's mvr = nh/2π.
d (number) -- the diagramn (number) -- the orbit, 1 to 12The X-ray spectrum of a tube on a diagram: intensity against λ, the continuous hump from the cut-off λ_min = hc/eV (marked) and, when eV exceeds the K-shell energy 13.6 (Z − 1)², the Kα and Kβ lines of the target at Moseley's wavelengths; a second voltage V2 draws its hump dashed to show λ_min move while the lines stay. xraySpectrumOn(d, V, Z[, V2]).
d (number) -- the diagramV (number) -- the tube voltage in voltsZ (number) -- the target's atomic numberV2 (number) -- a second voltage (optional)Moseley's plot on a diagram: √ν against Z for a characteristic line, the straight line through the elements from Z_lo to Z_hi (20 to 50 by default) with a few marked by symbol, its dashed extension to the axis at Z = b, and a second line for comparison. moseleyOn(d, line[, Z_lo, Z_hi][, line2]).
d (number) -- the diagramline (text) -- "Kalpha", "Kbeta" or "Lalpha"range (number) -- Z_lo, Z_hi (optional, 20 and 50)line2 (text) -- a second line (optional)