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The Clausius-Clapeyron relation: the vapour pressure p₂ at T₂ from p₁ at T₁, ln(p₂/p₁) = (ΔH/R)(1/T₁ − 1/T₂). ΔH in J/mol, T in K, p in any unit.
p1 (number) -- the vapour pressure at T1T1 (number) -- KdH (number) -- the enthalpy of vaporisation (or sublimation) in J/molT2 (number) -- KThe temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches p₂ (the boiling point under p₂), from Clausius-Clapeyron.
p1 (number) -- the vapour pressure at T1T1 (number) -- KdH (number) -- J/molp2 (number) -- the pressure asked aboutΔH = R ln(p₂/p₁)/(1/T₁ − 1/T₂) in J/mol from two points of the vapour-pressure curve.
p1 (number) -- the vapour pressure at T1T1 (number) -- Kp2 (number) -- at T2T2 (number) -- KGibbs' phase rule F = C − P + 2: the degrees of freedom of C components in P phases.
C (number) -- the componentsP (number) -- the phasesThe vapour pressure of a liquid at T (K) by Antoine's equation: `mmHg`, `atm`, `kPa`, `bar`. Water, ethanol, methanol, benzene, toluene, acetone, diethyl ether (ether), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
liquid (word) -- the liquidT (number) -- KThe temperature (K) at which a liquid's vapour pressure equals p mmHg: its boiling point under that pressure (760 unless given).
liquid (word) -- the liquidp (number) -- the outside pressure in mmHg (optional, 760)The triple point of water or CO2: `T` (K), `p` (atm), `celsius`.
substance (word) -- "water" or "CO2"The critical point of water or CO2: `T` (K), `p` (atm), `celsius`.
substance (word) -- "water" or "CO2"The phase of water or CO2 at T (K) and p (atm): solid, liquid, gas or supercritical, read off the phase diagram's curves.
substance (word) -- "water" or "CO2"T (number) -- Kp (number) -- atmThe melting point (K) of water or CO2 under a pressure (atm), from the fusion curve through the triple point (water's leans left: ice melts under pressure).
substance (word) -- "water" or "CO2"p (number) -- atm, at least the triple point'sThe heat Q = m L of a change of state, in J for m in kg and L in J/kg.
m (number) -- the mass in kgL (number) -- the latent heat in J/kgThe heat (J) to take m kg of a substance from T₁ to T₂ through every change of state between: `total` (negative when cooling), `count` and the `segments`, each {kind, from, to, heat} with kind solid, melting, liquid, boiling or gas. Data for water, ethanol, mercury, lead, gold, nitrogen, oxygen (NCERT Tables 11.3 and 11.5).
substance (word) -- the substancem (number) -- the mass in kgT1 (number) -- KT2 (number) -- KA substance's thermal data: `melting` and `boiling` (K), `Lf` and `Lv` (J/kg), `cSolid`, `cLiquid`, `cGas` (J/kg/K).
substance (word) -- water (ice, steam), ethanol, mercury, lead, gold, nitrogen or oxygenIce at T_ice mixed with water at T_water in a container that takes no heat: the `final` temperature (K) and `celsius`, the ice `melted` and the water `frozen` (kg).
mIce (number) -- kgTIce (number) -- K, at most 273.15mWater (number) -- kgTWater (number) -- K, 273.15 to 373.15Draws the P-T phase diagram of water or CO2 on a diagram: the sublimation, vaporisation and fusion curves from the triple point, the critical point, the regions, the 1 atm line with the melting and boiling (or sublimation) points; p on a log scale, T in K. A point T, p is marked with its phase; "path" T1, p1, T2, p2 draws an arrow and names the change.
d (word) -- the diagramsubstance (word) -- "water" or "CO2"T (number) -- optional: a point to mark, Kp (number) -- optional: its pressure, atmpath (word) -- optional: "path" followed by T1, p1, T2, p2Draws the vapour-pressure curves of liquids against temperature (diethyl ether, acetone, ethanol and water unless named; 273 to 383 K unless two temperatures are given) with the 760 mmHg line and each boiling point dropped to the axis; with the word "ln", ln p against 1000/T, straight lines whose slopes give ΔH_vap.
d (word) -- the diagramliquids (word) -- optional: the liquids, each a wordT0 (number) -- optional: the first temperature, KT1 (number) -- optional: the last temperature, Kln (word) -- optional: "ln"Draws the heating curve of m kg of a substance from T1 to T2: temperature against heat supplied (kJ), the rising pieces of slope 1/(m c) named, the plateaus at the melting and boiling points labelled m L; the pieces' heats in the caption. Cooling draws the curve falling.
d (word) -- the diagramsubstance (word) -- water, ethanol, mercury, lead, gold, nitrogen or oxygenm (number) -- kgT1 (number) -- KT2 (number) -- K